{"id":2208,"date":"2012-12-29T10:33:06","date_gmt":"2012-12-29T03:33:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/snt.com.vn\/blog\/?p=2208"},"modified":"2012-12-29T10:33:06","modified_gmt":"2012-12-29T03:33:06","slug":"b%e1%ba%a1n-bi%e1%ba%bft-gi-v%e1%bb%81-d%e1%bb%8ba-ch%e1%bb%89-m%e1%ba%a1ng","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/snt.com.vn\/blog\/b%e1%ba%a1n-bi%e1%ba%bft-gi-v%e1%bb%81-d%e1%bb%8ba-ch%e1%bb%89-m%e1%ba%a1ng\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i CNTT b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, m\u1ed7i khi mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng, \u1eaft h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt l\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c v\u00ec b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. Trong c\u00e1c tin ng\u1eafn hay b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qua loa, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nhanh hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n<div>Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u, qu\u00e1 k\u0129 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh quan t\u00e2m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 m\u00e0y m\u00f2 l\u00e0m theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 CNTT. V\u00ec v\u1eady trong lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng\u00a0<em>Genk <\/em>\u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb home networking \u2013 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c &#8220;v\u1ecdc s\u0129&#8221;.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><strong>C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng theo ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed<\/strong><\/div>\n<div><strong><br \/>\n <\/strong><\/div>\n<div>M\u1ea1ng LAN (Local Area Network &#8211; m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, c\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, khu gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed.<\/div>\n<div>M\u1ea1ng WAN (Wide Area Network \u2013 m\u1ea1ng di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng) l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n (nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1ea1ng) \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi bao ph\u1ee7, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia \u2013 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba hay to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u1edbi v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Internet.<\/div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 1\" src=\"http:\/\/genk2.vcmedia.vn\/Article\/2012\/12\/26\/121226lanmanwan1300x225.jpg\" alt=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 1\" \/><\/div>\n<div>C\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network \u2013 m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb) hay GAN (Global Area Network \u2013 m\u1ea1ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u) hay CAN(Campus Area Network ) t\u00f9y theo ph\u1ea1m vi bao ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a LAN v\u00e0 WAN l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 hay nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ecdc ph\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u00ean c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1ea1ng trong nh\u00e0.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><strong>\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP \u2013 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a th\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh <\/strong><\/div>\n<div><strong><br \/>\n <\/strong><\/div>\n<div>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng IP\u00a0(IP Address hay Internet Protocol Address)<strong> <\/strong>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giao th\u1ee9c \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc giao ti\u1ebfp (g\u1eedi, nh\u1eadn, m\u00e3 h\u00f3a, s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i\u2026 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u) gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tham gia m\u1ea1ng Internet. Trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0, t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1, qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1\u2026\u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP ta th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe t\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u00e1y PC, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, laptop, tablet\u2026) tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng Internet \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t theo b\u1ed9 quy t\u1eafc IP n\u00e0y. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c c\u00e1c b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n th\u01b0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, c\u00f2n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1ea1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 IP \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u1eadn.<\/div>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 2\" src=\"http:\/\/genk2.vcmedia.vn\/Article\/2012\/12\/26\/121226topology7.jpg\" alt=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 2\" width=\"600\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>C\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao th\u1ee9c Ipv4 v\u00e0 Ipv6. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, n\u1ebfu b\u00e2y gi\u1edd quy \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 thay cho t\u00ean danh nh\u00e2n, c\u00f2n t\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh t\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>T\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, do h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a giao th\u1ee9c Ipv4, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho to\u00e0n m\u1ea1ng Internet ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng \u1edf con s\u1ed1 4.294.967.296, kh\u00e1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n nay \u2013 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i Internet. Tuy hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng n\u1eafm r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP facebook hay g\u00f5 v\u00e0o file host hay \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP t\u0129nh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t cho laptop \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o ch\u01a1i game tr\u00ean LAN v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, \u0111\u1eebng n\u00f3i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i d\u00e3y Ipv6 l\u1eb1ng nh\u1eb1ng 21DA:D3:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A (m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec l\u1edbn), nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 Ipv4 \u0111ang c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t nhanh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n sang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 Ipv6 k\u1ebbo m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb9p tr\u1eddi trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng xa l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i loay hoay s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i c\u1ea3 bu\u1ed5i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f3t v\u1ecdc c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh theo m\u1ed9t tut c\u0169, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n Ipv4.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 3\" src=\"http:\/\/genk2.vcmedia.vn\/Article\/2012\/12\/26\/121226ScreenHunter30Jun.1813.44.jpg\" alt=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 3\" \/><\/div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 4\" src=\"http:\/\/genk2.vcmedia.vn\/Article\/2012\/12\/26\/121226f9dc9130231271701changeDNS.jpg\" alt=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 4\" \/><\/div>\n<div>N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf, t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi v\u00e0i thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n trong Windows, Mac (hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 Linux) b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201c\u0111\u1ed5i IP\u201d? \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e0 l\u00e0 do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ISP c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t, sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i hay c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t IP t\u0129nh cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee1\u2026t\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm r\u00f5 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m LAN-WAN. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 trong ph\u1ea1m vi m\u1ea1ng LAN<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\u2013 t\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1eb9p l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ri\u00eang hay c\u01a1 quan, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9\u00a0<strong>IP local<\/strong> (ho\u1eb7c\u00a0<strong>private<\/strong>). \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc hay t\u00ean ph\u00f2ng trong t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ea1ng LAN c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y, c\u00f2n b\u01b0\u1edbc ra ngo\u00e0i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Internet, ch\u00fang v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.\u00a0H\u00e3y th\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, khi n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng-l\u1edbp b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i m\u00ecnh ng\u1ed3i \u1edf ph\u00f2ng A-101 l\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u; c\u00f2n khi \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n n\u00f3i m\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u1edf A-101, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i s\u1ebd ng\u1ea9n t\u00f2 te ra ngay.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng Internet l\u00e0\u00a0<strong>IP Public<\/strong> \u2013 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 do c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea5p, c\u0169ng v\u00ec v\u1eady trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh tr\u00ean Internet bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhau b\u1eb1ng IP Public n\u00e0y, c\u00f2n IP local trong ph\u1ea1m vi m\u1ea1ng LAN c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y c\u00f9ng LAN v\u1edbi nhau m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1edb v\u1ed9i th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi WAN r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 fakeIP (public) ,VPN hay chuy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ISP c\u1ea5p IP t\u0129nh-IP \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 IP local v\u00e0 public c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u1ea1m vi gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><strong>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9<\/strong><\/div>\n<div><strong><br \/>\n <\/strong><\/div>\n<div>Nh\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn IP \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0<strong>DHCP- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol<\/strong>. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i theo ki\u1ec3u thu\u1ea7n k\u0129 thu\u1eadt th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 giao th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP, b\u1ed9 quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u201cxin-cho\u201d: DHCP client- t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i trong m\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 PC, laptop, tablet \u0111i xin \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c DHCP server d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh s\u1eb5n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh xem c\u00f3 n\u00ean c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eafc nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u01a1 m\u01a1.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>Hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng gi\u00fap bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh \u201cc\u00e1c c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n\u201d, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea1m vi, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, ISP hay c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>Nh\u01b0ng trong ph\u1ea1m vi gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta th\u00ec DHCP ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n tr\u00ean modem hay router, gi\u00fap t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7t cho c\u00e1c m\u00e1y PC, tablet, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i trong nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 IP (local) m\u1ed7i khi ch\u00fang k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee1 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, v\u1eady th\u00f4i. C\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c tut hay n\u1ea3y sinh nhu c\u1ea7u \u201c\u0111\u1eb7t IP t\u0129nh\u201d. Trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00e1c d\u1ec5 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 giao ph\u00f3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c cho DHCP v\u00ec anh n\u00e0y m\u01b0a n\u1eafng th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 khi su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 tu\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n m\u00e1y tablet c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n xin \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p cho 192.168.1.10 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n v\u00ec l\u00ed do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i n\u00e9m cho 192.168.1.11 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9.<\/div>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 5\" src=\"http:\/\/genk2.vcmedia.vn\/Article\/2012\/12\/26\/121226dhcp.jpg\" alt=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 5\" width=\"600\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb DHCP, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong m\u1ea1ng LAN ho\u1eb7c WAN s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y quay l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 IP local v\u00e0 public. L\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i l\u1eb1ng nh\u1eb1ng sinh ra 2 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? C\u1ee9 n\u00e9m cho m\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb 1 IP c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i xong chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 n\u00e0y: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta h\u1ebft s\u1ea1ch Ipv4 t\u1eeb\u2026l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i; hai l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh hay c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty, doanh nghi\u1ec7p thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, c\u00e1c ISP kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p cho v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; ba l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u201cri\u00eang\u201d gi\u00fap c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty, gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00ed do m\u00e0\u00a0<strong>NAT (Network Address Translation \u2013 Bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng)<\/strong> ra \u0111\u1eddi.\u00a0Nghe bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch ch\u1eafc b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u ngay, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 NAT gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin ngu\u1ed3n-\u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 A bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 B.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, trong ph\u1ea1m vi gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u k\u0129 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 ngu\u1ed3n, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u(d\u00f9 sao th\u00ec c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1). L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 vui th\u00ec thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1ea1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng NAT c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 tr\u00f4ng h\u00f2m th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a khu t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, khi g\u1eedi th\u01b0 b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ghi s\u1ed1 ph\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng b\u00e1c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap x\u00f3a c\u00e1i s\u1ed1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111i r\u1ed3i ghi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 khu t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i to\u00e1n: \u201c \u0110\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ghi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 khu t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0m sao bi\u1ebft n\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n th\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng n\u00e0o?\u201d, ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u01a1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng m\u1ea1ng ph\u00eda tr\u00ean: port.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 6\" src=\"http:\/\/genk2.vcmedia.vn\/Article\/2012\/12\/26\/121226NATandFirewallTraversingforRemoteDataRecoveryCorporateNetwork.png\" alt=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 6\" \/><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m\u00a0<strong>port<\/strong> ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u00ean thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1ea1ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n t\u1eebng t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng sau khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hay \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 file g\u1eedi cho IDM, hay Chrome, hay Firefox th\u00ec c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Port (c\u1ed5ng) \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u1ea3o, gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t xem d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng-ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o. Quay v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi v\u00ed d\u1ee5 chung c\u01b0, v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh trong m\u1ea1ng th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng t\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u00f9ng port \u0111\u1ec3 xem n\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn cho ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o v\u1eady.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>M\u1ed7i \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p cho m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u port d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh hay ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn (C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn tr\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea3i port \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng s\u1eb5n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0o). V\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3ng-m\u1edf port b\u1ea1n hay nghe n\u00f3i khi ch\u01a1i game l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt c\u1ea5m ho\u1eb7c cho ph\u00e9p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t port n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ea5m ho\u1eb7c cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ee9a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong nh\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a\u2026. b\u1ea1n g\u00e1i v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi port ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 cho c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y.<\/div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 7\" src=\"http:\/\/genk2.vcmedia.vn\/Article\/2012\/12\/26\/121226serverports.gif\" alt=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 7\" \/><\/div>\n<div>G\u1ed9p th\u00f4ng tin IP v\u00e0 port v\u00e0o v\u1edbi nhau, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 cho c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u00a0<strong>socket address<\/strong>. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 NAT gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i to\u00e1n n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed trong nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 10 PC, m\u1ed7i m\u00e1y c\u00f3 1 IP local nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 thu\u00ea bao ADSL n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p cho 1 IP public. M\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u chuy\u1ec3n ra t\u1eeb 1 trong 10 PC, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed5i ngu\u1ed3n g\u1eedi t\u1eeb IP local sang IP public \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y th\u00ec \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n r\u1ed3i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp h\u00e0nh gh\u00e9p m\u00e1y \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t port ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng Firefox c\u1ee7a PC 1 g\u1eedi ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 192.168.1.1:8080 (socket th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng IP:port), \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng Firefox c\u1ee7a PC2 g\u1eedi ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 192.168.1.2:8080, 2 g\u00f3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9\u00a0117.x.y.z:8080 (\u00a0v\u1edbi 117.x.y.z l\u00e0 IP public nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p). C\u00f2n PC 3 g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 192.168.1.3:5000 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh\u00a0117.x.y.z:5000. Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9\u00a0<strong>ngu\u1ed3n<\/strong> n\u00e0y, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9\u00a0<strong>\u0111ich <\/strong>m\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng NAT, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb NAT bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u00e1y n\u00e0o khi \u0111\u1ea7u day b\u00ean kia tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Tuy c\u00f3 h\u01a1i l\u1eb1ng nh\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c v\u1ecdc ph\u00e1 sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 8\" src=\"http:\/\/genk2.vcmedia.vn\/Article\/2012\/12\/26\/121226sockets.jpg\" alt=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 8\" \/><\/div>\n<div>K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp<\/div>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 9\" src=\"http:\/\/genk2.vcmedia.vn\/Article\/2012\/12\/26\/121226napt.gif\" alt=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 9\" width=\"600\" \/><\/div>\n<div>K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i qua NAT<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" title=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 10\" src=\"http:\/\/genk2.vcmedia.vn\/Article\/2012\/12\/26\/121226conadvnatnatmap.gif\" alt=\"B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 10\" \/><\/div>\n<div><em>B\u1ea3ng NAT.<\/em><\/div>\n<div><em><br \/>\n <\/em><\/div>\n<div>\u0110i xa h\u01a1n ch\u00fat n\u1eefa, ra ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a giao th\u1ee9c IP, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u2013<strong> physical address<\/strong> hay t\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9\u00a0<strong>MAC<\/strong> (MAC address). \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 MAC, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 network interface hay network card m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf ph\u1ea7n sau. T\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ng (PC, laptop, tablet, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i..) m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n mua v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadt l\u00fd duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i).<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i 2 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 chung \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Tuy tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t \u00edt khi ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 MAC, nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch t\u1eadn dung ch\u00fang s\u1ebd gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i di\u1ec5n ra nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee7 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kha kh\u00e1 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng. Internet l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, m\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn nhau, ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung chuy\u1ec3n. Trong ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng.<\/div>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea3m \u01a1n s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y,<\/p>\n<p>Ngu\u1ed3n b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb: genk.vn<\/p>\n<p><br class=\"spacer_\" \/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i CNTT b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, m\u1ed7i khi mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng, \u1eaft h\u1eb3n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11,1],"tags":[175,209,228],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.2.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea1ng? 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